Fig. 1

Migration and breeding of Pink-footed geese that were GPS-tagged recently (in the same spring) versus 1–4 years ago (in spring or summer). Recently tagged geese were tagged in Oulu, 2019 and Trøndelag, 2022. Previously, geese were tagged in Oulu, spring 2018 and in Svalbard, summer 2018. Recently tagged geese had a later departure (A) and arrival date (B), and a lower annual probability to produce hatchlings (G) than previously tagged geese, while there was no difference in migration duration (C), laying date (D) and breeding propensity (E), and a tendency for a lowered nesting success (F). Note that G is the product of E and F. Boxplots and/or means ± SE are given. The p-value is given on the top and was based on LMMs (for A–D) and on binomial GLMMs (for D–G), all including breeding area (Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya) and a random effect of year (2019, 2022). Sample sizes are given on the bottom as number of individuals