Fig. 3

Dead-reckoned (DR) movement path of lion as provided by Gundog.Tracks summary plots (within the initialised R graphics window). This is an approximate 2-week trajectory over an approximated total travel (DR) distance of > 142 km. (Pre-filtered) GPS (red) was sampled at 1 Hz and derived heading and speed measurements were sub-sampled to 1 Hz (initial acceleration/magnetometry data were recorded at 40 Hz). The VPC dead-reckoned track (blue) was constructed using DBA–GPS-derived speed regression estimates and corrected approx. every 6 h. Note, for dead-reckoning within fluid media, an additional green dead-reckoned track with current integration and its associated distance estimates are also plotted (pre-correction) when wind/ocean currents are supplied (cf. Fig. 6). Accumulated 3-D DR distance is shown when elevation/depth data are supplied