Fig. 5
From: A multi-species evaluation of digital wildlife monitoring using the Sigfox IoT network
Observed transmission distances between animal-borne Sigfox tags and receiving Sigfox base stations in southern Africa. Animals are grouped by species (A) and average tag height above ground (B). Distances were determined by using the Haversine formula for the great-circle distance between the GPS-generated tag location and the known locations of southern African base stations. Low median values below 50 km do not indicate low maximum transmission distances, but rather that animals often stayed in the vicinity of certain base stations. Height class 0.5–1.0 m includes African wild dogs. Height class 1.0–1.5 m includes African buffaloes, lions, spotted hyenas, impalas and blue wildebeests. Height class 1.5–2.0 m includes black and white rhinoceroses, plains zebras, waterbucks and greater kudus. Height class 3.5–4.0 m includes giraffes. The soaring class includes cape vultures and white-backed vultures