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Table 1 Proportion of time spent in various behavioral categories during the different treatment periods for all treatment groups

From: Two methods of radio transmitter attachment and their effects on the behavior and energetics of captive long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) during winter

Treatment

Period

Resting

Active

Active behaviors

Maintenance

Locomotion

Foraging

Others

Control

Pre-attachment

0.20 ± 0.01

0.80 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

0.43 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.01

Control

Attachment-1

0.23 ± 0.01

0.77 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.23 ± 0.01

0.07 ± 0.01

Control

Attachment-2

0.16 ± 0.01

0.84 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01

0.40 ± 0.01

0.18 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.00

Control

Post-attachment

0.20 ± 0.01

0.80 ± 0.01

0.15 ± 0.01

0.37 ± 0.01

0.15 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

Prong

Pre-attachment

0.24 ± 0.01

0.76 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

0.38 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

Prong

Attachment-1

0.29 ± 0.01

0.71 ± 0.01

0.27 ± 0.01

0.16 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.01

0.06 ± 0.01

Prong

Attachment-2

0.20 ± 0.01

0.80 ± 0.01

0.31 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0.01

Prong

Post-attachment

0.24 ± 0.01

0.76 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.01

0.27 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

Tesa

Pre-attachment

0.26 ± 0.01

0.74 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

0.37 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.01

Tesa

Attachment-1

0.24 ± 0.01

0.76 ± 0.01

0.34 ± 0.01

0.17 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.00

Tesa

Attachment-2

0.22 ± 0.02

0.78 ± 0.02

0.21 ± 0.01

0.26 ± 0.02

0.26 ± 0.02

0.05 ± 0.01

Tesa

Post-attachment

0.17 ± 0.01

0.83 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.01

0.36 ± 0.01

0.14 ± 0.01

0.11 ± 0.00

  1. Values shown are grand means (±SEM), which were established from individual bird means (N = 5 birds per treatment group). Values from the pre-attachment period served as baseline for comparisons. For a first comparison, the proportions for resting and active behavior are shown. Active behavior is then divided into its constituents: maintenance (preening, wing flapping, stretching, shaking, and bathing), locomotion (walking, running, flying, swimming, and diving), foraging (feeding and drinking), and others (alerted and social behaviors)