Fig. 3

Example tracks and accuracy statistics for GPS data of backpack (BP) and neckband (NB) tags on geese. a NMEA data (red), PPP data (blue) and distances of time-overlapping NMEA or PPP data with exact measures of the Geosystems Total Station (green) for a 10-min track of one goose with a backpack tag. b Same as a, but for a goose with a neckband tag. c Distances of NMEA 1, NMEA 2 and PPP data to exact positions, split for BP and NB tags. d Minimum convex polygon area of NMEA and PPP tracks for both tag types. Please see the list of abbreviations for explanations of NMEA 1/2 and PPP. Note that measures in the box plots are not model parameters (as reported in the text), but raw data, and do not account for random factors