Wing tags severely impair movement in African Cape Vultures

Table 1 GAMM with occurrence of flight included as dependent variable, interaction between tag attachment and group as fixed term and individual identity as random intercept

Coefficients	Estimates	SE	t	p
Intercept	1.66	0.59	2.79	**
Patagial attachment	− 1.47	0.79	− 1.86	NS
Captive group	− 0.66	0.73	− 0.92	NS
Patagial:Captive	− 2.20	0.83	− 2.65	**

Smooth terms	Edf	Ref. df	F	p
Tracking duration	5.93	5.93	6.62	***
N. Locations	5.88	5.88	23.35	***
Date	6.75	8.00	13.99	***

Random effects	Intercept Std. Dev	N. Groups
Individuals	1.42	27

Random effects	Intercept Std. Dev	N. Groups
N. Observations	5822
Adjusted R	0.30

Number of days since deployment, number of locations and day of the year were included as smooth terms. The model was fitted with the restricted maximum likelihood using the binomial family and a logit link function
NS p\(\ge\)0.05; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

ISSN: 2050-3385