Wing tags severely impair movement in African Cape Vultures

Table 2 GAMM with daily proportion of time spent flying included as dependent variable, interaction between tag attachment and group as fixed term and individual identity as random intercept

Coeff	Est	SE	t	p
Intercept	− 1.51	0.11	− 14.23	***
Patagial att	0.11	0.14	0.77	NS
Captive group	− 0.09	0.13	− 0.69	NS
Patagial:Captive	− 0.17	0.14	− 1.20	NS

Smooth terms	Edf	Ref. df	F	p
Tracking duration	7.28	7.28	26.03	***
N. Loc	8.92	8.92	16,584.51	***
Date	7.68	8.00	210.37	***

Random effects	Intercept Std. Dev.	N. Groups
Individuals	0.26	27

N. Observations	2848
Adjusted R	0.93

Number of days since deployment, number of locations and day of the year were included as smooth terms. The model was fitted with the restricted maximum likelihood using the binomial family and a logit link function
NS p\(\ge\)0.05; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

ISSN: 2050-3385