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Table 1 Models for explaining energy expenditure based on heart rate and VeDBA, gliding proportion and flight performance in Northern Bald Ibises

From: The impact of shape and attachment position of biologging devices in Northern Bald Ibises

Formula 1 GAMM: HR ~ Logger shape × Wind angle + flight number + s(Bird, bs = “re”) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Logger shape) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Wind angle)

Formula 2 GAMM: VeDBA ~ Logger shape × Wind angle + flight number + s(Bird, bs = “re”) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Logger shape) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Wind angle)

Formula 3 LM: Gliding frequency ~ Logger shape × Wind angle + Bird

Formula 4 GAMM: VeDBA during flapping ~ Logger shape × Wind angle + flight number + s(Bird, bs = “re”) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Logger shape) + s(Date, bs = “re”, by = Wind angle)

Formula 5 LMER: log10(Distance) ~ Logger position × Activity + (1 |Bird)

  1. GAMMs to explain heart rate (HR) and overall dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA) under different flying conditions (formulas 1, 2, 4). Linear regression to explains the gliding proportion under different flying conditions (formula 3). Linear mixed model to explain the flight performance with different harness attachments (formula 5). bs = “re”: basis specification for random effects