Two methods of radio transmitter attachment and their effects on the behavior and energetics of captive long-tailed ducks ( Clangula hyemalis ) during winter

Table 2 Oxygen consumption rates (\( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \)) (ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹) of long-tailed ducks during respirometry trials

Bird	Sex/age (years)	Treatment	M _b (g)	Resting \( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \) (ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹)			Preening
Bird	Sex/age (years)	Treatment	M _b (g)	Pre-attachment	Attachment-1	Attachment-2	\( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \) (ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹)	Factorial increase
019	f/1.4	Control	644 ± 6	34.40 ± 2.66	30.29 ± 0.05	31.23 ± 1.18
1082 J	m/2.4	Control	691 ± 4	27.01 ± 0.31	26.49 ± 0.27	27.10 ± 0.22
1084 J	m/2.4	Control	760 ± 12	29.28 ± 1.66	31.26 ± 1.03	31.77 ± 0.70
7269 J	f/0.4	Control	578 ± 4	31.83 ± 0.17	32.68 ± 1.72	30.59 ± 1.91
773 J	f/3.4	Control	588 ± 4	28.73 ± 1.17	30.10	32.99 ± 0.46
Grand mean			652 ± 34	30.25 ± 1.29	30.17 ± 1.03	30.73 ± 0.99
1083 J	m/2.4	Prong	684 ± 6	23.65 ± 0.25	26.20 ± 0.70	25.96 ± 0.48	48.32	2.04
4584 J	f/1.4	Prong	590 ± 21	28.62 ± 1.95	32.23		54.21 ± 1.27	1.89
4585 J	m/1.4	Prong	675 ± 13	23.03 ± 0.11	23.49 ± 0.33	32.75 ± 0.85	43.53 ± 4.79	1.89
7230 J	m/2.4	Prong	687 ± 7	25.61 ± 1.41	26.16 ± 0.72	28.46 ± 0.80	39.28 ± 5.99	1.53
7268 J	f/0.4	Prong	561 ± 2	30.71 ± 3.18
Grand mean			639 ± 27	26.32 ± 1.47	27.02 ± 1.85	29.06 ± 1.98	46.33 ± 3.21	1.84 ± 0.11
002	m/1.4	Tesa	775 ± 9	26.84 ± 2.07	26.45 ± 2.30	29.26 ± 0.58	39.88	1.49
003	m/1.4	Tesa	787 ± 11	27.51	28.49	31.30 ± 0.68	44.56 ± 2.31	1.62
016	m/1.4	Tesa	729 ± 12	31.97 ± 2.11	34.53 ± 0.81	30.82 ± 2.33	51.21 ± 1.91	1.60
14198 J	f/0.4	Tesa	514 ± 4	34.41	34.31	34.28 ± 2.42	52.31	1.52
586 J	f/4.4	Tesa	586 ± 3	24.41	30.81 ± 0.11	36.27 ± 2.60
Grand mean			678 ± 54	29.03 ± 1.82	30.92 ± 1.59	32.39 ± 1.27	46.99 ± 2.92	1.56 ± 0.03

Values are means ± SEM which, in case of resting \( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \), were averaged from two trials conducted per bird during each treatment period. M _b values were averaged from measurements taken before each trial over the course of the study period. Grand means were established from individual bird means. The different treatment groups and treatment periods are indicated. Shown also are the \( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \) values for ducks when preening during trials, which occurred in all but one duck after transmitter attachment (Prong and Tesa birds only). The factorial increase indicates how much \( s\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \) during preening was increased over the resting situation before transmitter attachment (pre-attachment)