Energy landscapes of Kodiak brown bears: a comparison of accelerometer and global positioning system-derived estimates

Table 1 Parameter estimates for generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) on daily movement-based energetic expenditure of 28 brown bears, Afognak and Sitkalidak islands, Alaska, USA, September 2019–November 2020

Covariate	edf	Parameter estimate	t/f score	p-value
Intercept		5.124	4326.987	0.001
Sex—female with young		− 4.830	− 0.647	0.517
Sex—male		7.526	0.087	0.930
Age—mature		2.569	0.035	0.972
Age—young		5.060	0.563	0.573
Food period—high		− 2.443	− 5.333	0.001
Temperature		− 1.026	− 2.559	0.010
Movement rate		3.911	276.628	0.001
Terrain roughness	1.000		4.317	0.037
Distance to salmon streams	1.000		4.621	0.031

ISSN: 2050-3385