Fig. 1

HYPERLINK "sps:id::fig1||locator::gr1||MediaObject::0" An overview of the LoRa system. The data are sent via LoRa (A) to a gateway (B) which in turn forwards the data to a network server such as LORIOT or TTN (C) via an internet connection such as GSM, WiFi or Ethernet. The network server then forwards the data onto one or multiple application servers (D) which decode and store the data. From the application server, data can either directly downloaded or re-formatted and forwarded to a publicly accessible data base such as Movebank (E) where the data can be downloaded for analysis by multiple users (F). Fixed position gateways can be indoors, mounted to a building or standalone solar powered systems. Mobile gateways can be powered by a portable power bank and carried in a car, on foot or flown on a drone to maximise coverage. The lower panel highlights how these tags are used in practice to track animals