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Table 1 GNSS/GPS position error (bias) and precision (standard deviation) in horizontal and vertical space for different transmission schedules from the ground-based test of position accuracy

From: Characterisation of a new lightweight LoRaWAN GPS bio-logger and deployment on griffon vultures Gyps fulvus

Cycle

Total Locations

Horizontal Bias

Min Horizontal Error

Max Horizontal Error

Horizontal SD

Horizontal 2.5 Percentile

Horizontal 97.5 Percentile

Horizontal CI 95%

Vertical Bias

Min Vertical Error

Max Vertical Error

Vertical SD

Vertical 2.5 Percentile

Vertical 97.5 Percentile

Vertical CI 95%

1 min

767

4.71

0.35

21.9

3.88

0.53

15

14.4

5

− 18

43.1

7.77

− 10.4

21

20.5

30 min

367

6.63

0.35

39.5

6.91

0.53

27.5

27

2.03

− 78.3

102

15.3

− 26.4

36.4

35.9

60 min

358

8.44

0.35

224

18

0.35

34.7

34.3

2.99

− 138

349

27.4

− 40.2

42.8

42.4